The synthesis offered by Villamayor-Tomás and García-López (2021) crystallises the emergence of commons movements as entangled dynamics of resource governance and social mobilisation, articulating a new hybrid research field that transcends classical boundaries between CBNRM theory and social movement scholarship; far from being residual rural practices, commons are repositioned as relational infrastructures that materialise resistance, autonomy, and alternative forms of life across both rural and urban territories, including forests, fisheries, water systems, food sovereignty projects, and community energy networks; the review identifies eight empirical insights and introduces a tripartite theoretical lens—virtuous cycles, cross-scalar configurations, and processes of commons-making—which illuminates how grassroots governance and collective mobilisation co-produce new subjectivities, socio-ecological imaginaries, and institutional architectures; examples such as ACOFOP in Guatemala, community forestry in India and Mexico, remunicipalisation movements in Italy and Germany, and agroecological networks in Colombia illustrate the synergy between territory, identity, and collective autonomy, while urban gardening in Barcelona or Detroit shows how commons function as prefigurative, material spaces of political articulation; these commons-as-movements defy enclosure logics, articulate polycentric governance structures, and leverage frames of energy democracy, food as commons, or territorialised climate justice to mobilise across scales and domains; critically, the article also underscores tensions—between professionalisation and rootedness, visibility and vulnerability, cohesion and openness—that must be negotiated in order to avoid reproducing North-South epistemic asymmetries or triggering internal contradictions; the notion of commoning here becomes a key theoretical operator, fusing practice and politics into lived alternatives to neoliberalism, and anchoring a growing conceptual ecosystem around postcapitalist, feminist, and Indigenous territorial logics; by bridging political ecology, environmental justice, and commons studies, this article proposes commons movements as insurgent governance modalities, not merely sites of resistance but generative matrices of socio-ecological reproduction, deeply embedded in histories of place, relational ontology, and the planetary urgency of just transition. Villamayor-Tomás, S. & García-López, G.A. (2021). Commons Movements: Old and New Trends in Rural and Urban Contexts. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46, pp. 511–543. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-102307
