Obe, Morakinyo and Mills reconstruct urban heat as a compound metropolitan condition rather than a simple temperature field. Their methodology combines an urbanised Weather Research and Forecasting model, Humidex-based heat stress, Local Climate Zones, open-source demographic and socioeconomic datasets, Moran’s I and Optimized Hot Spot Analysis. The result is a fine-grained risk geography in which hazard, exposure and vulnerability intersect. Approximately 423 km² are identified as Critical Heat Risk Zones at 99% confidence, with high-risk areas strongly associated with densely urbanised LCZs and including Makoko, Ajegunle and parts of Alimosho. The theoretical contribution is relational: heat emerges from morphology, imperviousness, vegetation, density, poverty, age, infrastructure and adaptive capacity. Methodologically, the paper demonstrates how limited local meteorological data can be partially addressed through numerical modelling and open geospatial sources while retaining explicit uncertainty. Its bridge to metropolitan design is immediate: thermal adaptation must target spatially specific urban configurations rather than rely on city-wide averages.
