martes, 19 de agosto de 2025

The Economy of Movement

 




Walking emerges as the most silent, constant, and self-sufficient gesture, a practice that requires nothing but the body and time; it transforms minutes into energy, focus, and presence, enabling long journeys without fatigue or cost, as it demands no tools, no specific location, and no external validation—only one's own rhythm and will; in contrast, dancing stands as an expression of joy and freedom, yet that freedom comes with conditions: music, space, and often the gaze of others, making it less sustainable and more ephemeral—brilliant like a spark but demanding in resources; cycling, in turn, offers an amplification of movement, increasing range and speed, though it relies heavily on external factors—like infrastructure, safety, upkeep, and protection against theft—its apparent efficiency concealing hidden costs that temper its autonomy; finally, swimming proposes an immersion into another element where the body feels renewed and buoyant, yet water requires preparation and environment: pools, garments, towels, schedules, and transportation, turning a fluid act into a choreographed logistics operation, distant from the spontaneous impulse of walking; thus, among all modes examined, only walking maintains the nature of an essential, minimal, and universal action, capable of merging body and surroundings without intermediaries, revealing a radical economy of movement that links the everyday with the philosophical, the physical with the mental, depending on nothing more than oneself. 

Walking for Transport


Walking, as a moderate and routine form of physical activity embedded in daily life, holds immense potential for reducing sedentarism and improving public health, particularly in urban settings where short motorised trips are common. Empirical data drawn from regional health and mobility surveys reveals that replacing motorised journeys of five minutes or less with walking could significantly reduce mortality rates—with over 100 preventable deaths in men and around 80 in women annually—while generating economic savings exceeding 200 million euros. These estimates highlight walking not merely as a personal habit but as a powerful public health intervention with measurable collective benefits. Further analysis demonstrates that individuals who walk or use public transport exhibit a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, especially among men, compared to those relying exclusively on cars or motorbikes. Additionally, environmental conditions such as neighbourhood motorisation directly impact walking frequency, even after adjusting for other contextual variables. High motorisation levels correlate negatively with pedestrian activity, affirming that urban design and traffic density can either inhibit or promote healthy behaviours. Walking also presents gender-specific patterns, indicating the necessity for targeted interventions that address inequities in mobility access and safety perceptions. Beyond health, walking acts as a catalyst for reclaiming public space, fostering social cohesion, and encouraging sustainable mobility. By identifying both vulnerable population groups and modifiable environmental elements, walking emerges as a strategic axis for urban and health policies, capable of transforming individual routines into population-wide benefits.


Olabarría, M. (2013) Walking for transportation: estudio de los factores individuales y contextuales que influyen en el caminar como medio de transporte y de sus implicaciones en salud. PhD thesis. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain. 

WHO's Blueprint for Global Action

Increasing physical activity is a powerful tool for improving population health, mitigating non-communicable diseases, and advancing sustainable development. Yet global physical inactivity remains a critical issue, contributing to over 5 million deaths annually and accounting for a significant share of healthcare costs. Only a minority of countries have implemented effective national strategies to combat this trend. The WHO’s Global Action Plan on Physical Activity (GAPPA) provides a comprehensive framework to reverse inactivity trends by promoting walking, cycling, sport, active recreation, and integrating movement into daily life. It sets a bold target: a 15% relative reduction in physical inactivity by 2030. GAPPA is built on four strategic objectives—Active Societies, Active Environments, Active People, and Active Systems—each supported by policy actions that encourage behaviour change, create supportive infrastructure, enhance physical education, and strengthen governance. Central to its implementation is the notion that physical activity must be a collective societal responsibility, integrated into urban planning, transport systems, healthcare, workplaces, and educational institutions. Prioritising equity is essential to ensure that opportunities for physical activity are accessible to all, including women, children, older adults, and people in low-income or marginalised settings. Monitoring, data collection, and multi-level partnerships are key to accountability and success. GAPPA calls for governments and stakeholders to shift from awareness-raising to systemic action, ensuring that movement becomes not just encouraged but unavoidable in daily life. Investing in physical activity is not merely a public health measure—it is a strategic decision that supports climate goals, social inclusion, and economic resilience.



World Health Organization (2018) Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: More active people for a healthier world. Geneva: WHO. 

Unlocking Well-being Through Movement

The physical activity sector represents a dynamic and rapidly growing contributor to national economies, with direct and indirect impacts across health, employment, infrastructure, and innovation. In the UK, the sector contributes over £8.7 billion annually to GDP and supports more than 400,000 jobs, spanning areas such as sport, recreation, active travel, fitness, and outdoor leisure. Regular participation in physical activity generates substantial healthcare savings, with NHS costs reduced through the prevention of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and depression. Beyond health, physically active populations are more productive, with fewer absences and stronger workplace performance. Active environments—walkable towns, cycle-friendly cities, and green public spaces—also enhance urban liveability and economic vibrancy, attracting tourism, encouraging local investment, and boosting retail. The sector’s growth is underpinned by innovation in wearable tech, digital fitness platforms, and inclusive design, responding to rising demand for personalised and accessible activity options. Despite this potential, challenges remain in tackling inequalities in access, particularly among low-income groups, people with disabilities, and older adults. A coordinated strategy is essential to maximise returns, involving multi-sectoral collaboration between government, industry, education, and civil society. Policies that prioritise physical activity in planning, transport, education, and health services—backed by investment in infrastructure and workforce training—can embed movement into daily life. Measuring and valuing the economic contribution of the physical activity sector not only justifies investment but also informs policy decisions that align with sustainability, wellbeing, and inclusive growth objectives.


Sport and Recreation Alliance (2019) Revaluing the role of physical activity: The Social and Economic Value of the Physical Activity Economy. London: Sport and Recreation Alliance. 

Financial Gains from Walking and Cycling


Promoting walking and cycling delivers substantial economic returns, with direct benefits for public health, urban vitality, and infrastructure efficiency. In Australia and New Zealand, shifting more people from private vehicle use to active transport modes could save over AUD 203 million annually in healthcare costs and AUD 32.7 million through reduced congestion. These figures reflect not only savings from decreased disease burden but also the positive economic ripple effects on local commerce and real estate. Increased pedestrian and cyclist traffic has been shown to elevate retail sales, rental incomes, and property values, especially in areas designed with walkability and active mobility in mind. In Melbourne’s Lygon Street, for example, reallocating parking spaces for bicycles significantly enhanced commercial activity, a pattern echoed in global cities like New York following the installation of protected bike lanes. Additionally, if just 5% of short trips within a 10 km radius of central Sydney were replaced with cycling, the long-term economic impact would amount to millions in net benefits over 30 years. Active mobility also contributes to placemaking, creating safer, more accessible, and vibrant communities while offering equity in transport access. These insights support strategic investment in cycling infrastructure, pedestrian zones, and policy frameworks that shift the urban mobility paradigm from car dependency to multimodal, people-focused systems. The evidence underscores the need for integrated planning approaches that align transport policy, economic strategy, and public health goals, demonstrating that walking and cycling are not merely alternatives but foundational components of a thriving urban future.





Cycling and Walking Australia and New Zealand (CWANZ) (2021) Economic Benefits of Walking & Cycling

Economic Value of Active Transport


Walking and cycling are not only environmentally sustainable and health-promoting activities, but also powerful economic drivers with measurable financial returns for both individuals and communities. Shifting a small proportion of short daily trips from car use to active modes of transport can yield substantial cost savings. In Australia and New Zealand, increased walking and cycling generate over AUD 200 million annually in health savings, complemented by AUD 32.7 million in reduced traffic congestion. These savings arise from decreased healthcare demand due to lower rates of chronic diseases, improved mental health, and fewer injuries. Additionally, active transport enhances commercial vitality; areas with high walkability demonstrate higher retail sales, increased foot traffic, and greater property values. For example, transforming underutilised urban spaces—such as parking areas—into pedestrian or cycling infrastructure can dramatically increase local business revenue. Protected bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly environments not only improve accessibility but also create economic uplift for adjacent commercial and residential real estate, reflecting the so-called “walkability premium.” Beyond direct financial benefits, these modes of transport also improve community liveability, social cohesion, and access to services, especially for low-income populations. A modest increase—such as converting 5% of all trips within 10 km of a central business district to cycling—can deliver millions in long-term infrastructure benefits and encourage more sustainable urban development. These figures underline the importance of embedding walking and cycling into transport policy, infrastructure investment, and urban planning strategies, making them integral to both economic development and quality of life.




Cycling and Walking Australia and New Zealand (CWANZ) (2021) Economic Benefits of Walking & Cycling. CWANZ. 

The Role of Non-Motorised Transport in Sustainable Development


Non-motorised transport (NMT), including walking and cycling, is a cornerstone of sustainable urban mobility systems, offering immediate benefits for health, equity, and climate resilience. In rapidly growing cities, especially in the Global South, NMT remains essential for daily mobility among lower-income populations, yet remains underfunded, underplanned, and undervalued. Rebalancing transport priorities towards NMT is crucial to creating inclusive, low-carbon, and accessible cities. The integration of walking and cycling into transport planning supports global commitments such as the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the New Urban Agenda. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions, improves air quality, eases congestion, and enhances public space. Investing in NMT infrastructure—such as safe pedestrian networks, cycling lanes, and intermodal connectivity—fosters social equity, as it provides affordable and independent access to employment, education, and services. NMT also contributes to physical activity levels, with positive health outcomes such as reduced cardiovascular disease, lower obesity rates, and improved mental health. The report highlights how transformational change requires political leadership, multi-sectoral coordination, and long-term financing mechanisms, including the redirection of subsidies and international climate finance towards active transport modes. Strategies for effective NMT implementation include participatory urban design, gender-sensitive planning, integrated transport systems, and data-driven decision-making. Additionally, regulatory reforms are needed to protect the rights and safety of pedestrians and cyclists. By prioritising NMT, cities can create human-centred environments that are not only efficient but also equitable and liveable, contributing directly to climate mitigation, economic opportunity, and improved quality of life.


United Nations Environment Programme (2021) Walking and cycling: latest evidence to support policy-making and practice. Nairobi: UNEP.

The Societal Impact of Physical Activity


Physical activity is a high-impact, low-cost intervention with proven benefits across multiple domains, including public health, economic productivity, environmental sustainability, and educational development. Despite clear evidence and international policy frameworks supporting its promotion, global levels of inactivity remain alarmingly high—31% of adults and 81% of adolescents do not meet the World Health Organization's minimum recommendations. The consequences are vast: physical inactivity is projected to result in 500 million preventable non-communicable disease cases and incur an additional USD 300 billion in healthcare costs by 2030. Increased physical activity can extend life expectancy, reduce premature mortality, and alleviate pressure on health systems. Economically, regular movement enhances workforce productivity, reduces absenteeism, and strengthens corporate performance, with potential gains of USD 446 billion annually in global GDP. In educational contexts, active children and young people demonstrate better attendance, academic performance, and employability outcomes, highlighting the foundational role of physical literacy. The environmental benefits are equally significant—active transport options such as walking and cycling contribute to reduced emissions and urban air quality improvements, aligning with the goals of sustainable city planning. The private sector holds considerable influence in this ecosystem, capable of driving participation through workplace initiatives, product innovation, and strategic investment. Successful campaigns by global brands and national industries illustrate the role of targeted programming, financial incentives, and inclusive design in overcoming barriers to engagement. To unlock the full potential of physical activity, coordinated intersectoral policies are essential, addressing infrastructure, education, fiscal mechanisms, and social equity. Embedding physical activity across government agendas—from transport and health to labour and education—can catalyse lasting societal transformation and generate cross-cutting value.


Business at OECD (BIAC) (2024) Physical Activity: The transversal benefits for our people, our planet, our economy and more prosperous societies. Paris: Business at OECD. 

Creative Approaches Through Landscape and Disorientation


This doctoral thesis explores the interplay between walking and artistic creation, examining how the act of walking can facilitate a deeper, more creative engagement with the world. Authored by Nelson Aníbal Santos Avilés and directed by Antonio Alcaraz Mira at the Universitat Politècnica de València, the research blends theoretical reflection with artistic practice, situating walking as both method and subject within contemporary art. The investigation begins with a literature review on themes such as landscape, territory, dwelling, and disorientation, alongside the creative legacies of walking artists like Hamish Fulton, Francis Alÿs, and Richard Long, who treat the terrain itself as both medium and message. Moving beyond theoretical frameworks, the research is grounded in the artist’s own practice, through five fieldwork journeys on foot across Spain, China, and Ecuador, culminating in a body of work comprising drawings, paintings, and photographs. These visual artefacts emerge from travel diaries and directly reflect the experiential and aesthetic dimensions of traversed landscapes. Among the highlighted series are Camino de Santiago, El Color del Viento, Desorientaciones, and Entre el cielo y la tierra, alongside a site-specific intervention near Ecuador’s Cotopaxi volcano in homage to Long. This practice-based research, underpinned by a personal and embodied methodology, affirms that walking fosters creative clarity by stripping away clichés and reawakening the senses, while simultaneously exposing the body to the limits of physical endurance and vulnerability. Ultimately, the thesis contributes to the field of artistic research by demonstrating that walking is not merely locomotion but a profound aesthetic and epistemic strategy that reshapes perception and amplifies artistic intention.



Santos Avilés, N. A. (2020) El caminar y la creación artística. Una aportación desde la práctica: desorientaciones, el paisaje como lugar para ser pensado. PhD thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. 

Transitions in Human Locomotion

 

This doctoral research investigates the energetic and mechanical demands of human locomotion under variable speed conditions, focusing particularly on walk-run-walk transitions, a topic still underexplored despite its relevance for understanding movement efficiency. Locomotion types such as walking and running are classically distinguished by their biomechanical models—the inverted pendulum for walking and the mass-spring system for running—with each model exhibiting contrasting energy recovery mechanisms based on the interaction of kinetic and potential energy phases. While walking optimises recovery through phase opposition, running, governed by elastic dynamics and phase synchrony, leads to a dramatic drop in recovery values. The transition between these locomotion modes involves a sudden mechanical shift, posing a potential increase in metabolic cost, yet this hypothesis had not been thoroughly quantified under non-constant velocity conditions. This study, carried out at the Universidad de la República (Uruguay) by Leonardo Lagos under the direction of Carlo Massimo Biancardi and Renata Luísa Bona, sought to determine whether accelerative and decelerative motion protocols around the individual's natural transition speed differed significantly from locomotion at constant speeds in terms of mechanical, electromyographic, and metabolic parameters. Laboratory experiments measured gait mechanics and physiological responses during these transitions, revealing distinct patterns in muscle synergy activation and energy expenditure. Additionally, comparisons of metabolic costs between laboratory and field conditions, guided by auditory feedback, provided insights into the ecological validity of experimental protocols. The findings contribute valuable evidence on the complex interplay between biomechanical models during transitional gaits, emphasizing that transitions may entail unique energetic and neuromuscular demands, with implications for biomechanics, rehabilitation, and athletic performance.


Lagos, L. (2023) Estudio de parámetros metabólicos, mecánicos y electromiográficos en la locomoción humana a velocidad variable y en transiciones marcha-carrera-marcha. PhD thesis. Universidad de la República, Uruguay. 

The Creative Potential of Walking

This research offers a comprehensive inquiry into the manifold dimensions of walking, structured across three central axes that unfold the scope of its intellectual and artistic relevance. Firstly, it provides a theoretical framework that traces the origins of bipedalism in human evolution and examines how walking shaped cognitive development, perception of space, symbolic thought and existential consciousness. Drawing on existentialist and phenomenological philosophy, as well as sociology, neurology and anthropology, it demonstrates that walking constitutes an embodied form of knowledge that reconnects humans with their corporeality and with the lived environment. Secondly, it explores the artistic and cultural practices of walking, focusing on avant-garde movements such as Dadaism, Surrealism, Lettrism and Situationism, alongside architects and contemporary walking artists including Francesco Careri, Richard Long, Hamish Fulton, herman de vries and Francis Alÿs. Through these case studies, walking is revealed as a radical artistic methodology, a performative intervention in public space and a critical tool for reimagining urban and natural landscapes. Thirdly, it presents a body of original artistic projects that embody the creative potential of walking, ranging from walking guides, sound cartographies and land art installations to performative workshops, sculptures, photographs and paintings. Together these works reaffirm walking as a practice that stimulates imagination, nurtures relational networks, enhances ecological awareness and opens new poetic forms of inhabiting the world. Ultimately, the study positions walking as an aesthetic, social and spiritual act that resists the alienation of modern sedentary life and reclaims a more reflective, imaginative and transformative engagement with space and time.


Apollonio, L. (2022). The Creative Potential of Walking: A Theoretical and Artistic Research for its Revaluation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Granada). Directed by F. García Gil & M. Garrido Román.

Indigenous Broadcasting and Political Subjectivation


This dissertation examines the role of educational television and radio in shaping the political subjectivity of indigenous communities in Mexico during the mid-20th century, focusing on the actions of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI) between 1958 and 1972. Departing from a critical historical perspective, the study interrogates how the Proyecto de Radiodifusoras Culturales Indigenistas functioned not only as a communication initiative but also as a mechanism for the state’s cultural and political mediation. The research unfolds in two main sections: the first contextualises the INI within broader post-revolutionary state policies aimed at integrating indigenous peoples through educational and cultural programmes, while the second delves into the operations of the indigenous radio project as both a technological apparatus and a political tool. Drawing on archival materials, official publications, and theoretical frameworks from Foucauldian analysis, the author explores how broadcasting was used to disseminate narratives of national unity and modernisation, often framing indigenous identities within a civilising discourse. A case study of the radio station XEZV “La Voz de la Sierra Tarahumara” illustrates the complex negotiation between state-led pedagogical aims and indigenous responses, revealing moments of resistance, reinterpretation, and strategic adaptation. The thesis concludes that these radio initiatives were not neutral but deeply embedded in state logics of governance and assimilation, simultaneously offering spaces for indigenous expression and for subtle political regulation. In sum, this work demonstrates how media technologies were mobilised to shape indigenous subjectivities, contributing to ongoing debates on cultural policy, media anthropology and the politics of identity in Latin America.


Vicente Moctezuma Mendoza (2017) Televisión educativa, pueblos indígenas y subjetivación política: El Instituto Nacional Indigenista y el Proyecto de Radiodifusoras Culturales Indigenistas (1958-1972). Tesis de Maestría. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Compatibility Between Learning Styles

This doctoral research investigates the relationship between learning styles and strategies among foreign language learners, assuming that a compatible match between both factors can significantly enhance linguistic performance. Historically, language education was teacher-centred, disregarding learners’ internal cognitive processes. However, since Rubin’s seminal 1975 study highlighted the importance of understanding successful learners’ strategies (Rubin, 1975, in Griffiths, 2008), attention has shifted toward learner-centred paradigms. The thesis is divided into two parts: a theoretical framework and an empirical section. The first part defines core concepts such as learner autonomy, viewed as the learner’s critical capacity for decision-making and independent action (Holec, 1981; Little, 1991). It also reviews learning style models (Kolb, 1984; Felder and Silverman, 1988; Oxford, 1990) and strategy taxonomies, distinguishing between direct and indirect strategies (Oxford, 1990), and contextualises them within evolving teaching methodologies. The second part presents two empirical studies with secondary school students in Madrid preparing for the First Certificate Exam. Study I analyses the performance of twenty students before and after applying learning strategies tailored to their individual styles. Study II, more rigorous in design, includes surveys on learners’ beliefs, motivations and preferences, followed by an assessment of the correlation between style-strategy alignment and academic outcomes. Findings show that compatibility enhances performance, while mismatches lead to negative experiences (Zhenhui, 2001; Schroeder, 1993). The work concludes that promoting autonomy, metacognitive awareness and learning personalisation not only yields better academic results but also empowers learners as active agents. This paradigm shift demands a redefinition of the teacher’s role, from knowledge transmitter to facilitator (Little, 1996a), and calls for institutional openness to learner-centred approaches. Ultimately, this dissertation argues that foreign language teaching becomes most effective when structured around learners’ needs, styles and strategies, integrating theory and practice into a model that fosters autonomous, strategic, and self-aware learners.


Yilén Gómez Rodríguez (2012) Estilos de aprendizaje y estrategias para aprender: un estudio en aprendientes de inglés como lengua extranjera. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

Tuesday






Tuesday







Tuesday








lunes, 18 de agosto de 2025

Into the Woods

By the late 1960s, artists began to reconsider the genre of landscape, not merely as a representational form but as an expanded field where the site itself became an integral component of the work. Within this shift, the forest emerged as a privileged locus, embodying a profound duality. For centuries, it had oscillated between locus horridus—a space of darkness, fear and danger—and locus amoenus—a realm of harmony, fertility and refuge. In the context of contemporary art, however, the forest increasingly lost its threatening aura and was reimagined as a metaphor of origin, paradise and ecological truth. The analysis traces the cultural genealogy of the forest, from mythological cosmogonies and sacred groves to Romantic nostalgia and the modern transformation of woodland into parks and sculpture gardens. This trajectory reveals how the forest gradually shifted from a wild, impenetrable realm to a domesticated site of aesthetic experience, where the encounter with art is mediated by walking, rhythm, and immersion in shade and light. What once symbolised exile, wilderness or mystery becomes reconfigured as a hospitable space for ecological reflection and artistic intervention. In contemporary practice, the forest is no longer an external backdrop but a structural element of the artwork itself. Land art, environmental sculpture, and site-specific installations appropriate the materiality of trees, soil, light and organic processes, situating the spectator within an environment where perception, memory and myth converge. This domestication, however, entails a paradox: by transforming the forest into a museum-like container of artworks, its shadow—its archaic dimension of danger and otherness—appears to vanish. The forest becomes both a recovered refuge and a curated stage, embodying the collective longing for reconciliation with nature while exposing the impossibility of returning to an untouched origin. Thus, the forest in art since 1968 must be understood as a symbolic reconstruction rather than a literal return: a place where culture negotiates its estrangement from nature, and where the act of walking among trees becomes a metaphor for navigating the complexities of modernity, memory and ecological consciousness.


Santamaría Fernández, A.E., 2016. El arte emboscado: el regreso al bosque en la práctica artística desde 1968. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

The Forest in the Geometric City

Urban parks are increasingly recognized not only as green infrastructure but as essential cultural and ecological assets that articulate the relationship between city, memory, and environment. This work explores the complex transformations experienced by El Bosque in La Plata, a 19th-century park originally conceived under hygienist principles and integrated into the rational urban grid of the planned capital city. Over time, this foundational logic has been eroded by institutional expansion, spatial fragmentation, and restricted public access—resulting in the loss of over 65% of the original open surface. Yet, despite this degradation, El Bosque continues to serve as a symbolic and functional core for the wider metropolitan area, linking La Plata, Berisso, and Ensenada. Through a landscape urbanism perspective, the research identifies two strategic enclaves—the now-inactive Zoological Garden and the underutilized Hippodrome—as key to unlocking the park’s reintegration. These zones, currently disconnected from the park’s broader identity, are reimagined as catalysts for continuity, capable of restoring ecological balance, social inclusiveness, and recreational diversity. The proposal envisions a network of micro-landscapes, pedestrian circuits, and civic platforms that dissolve architectural barriers and respond to contemporary urban demands, while respecting the park’s historical and environmental significance. This approach challenges the rigid dichotomies of natural versus artificial, or built versus open, offering instead a dynamic model of adaptive reuse rooted in the lived experience of public space. The forest within the geometric city becomes not a relic of the past, but a renewed spatial framework for collective urban life—one that integrates memory, mobility, and ecological intelligence within a cohesive and resilient urban form.




Carasatorre, M.C., 2024. Urban Park and Contemporary Life: The Forest in the Geometric City. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, National University of La Plata.

The Return to the Forest in Artistic Practice

This research delves into the return of the forest as a central motif in contemporary artistic practice, tracing its evolution since 1968 within the framework of ecological consciousness, critical resistance, and poetic imagination. The forest is not approached merely as a pictorial or thematic element, but as an epistemological and ontological space where artistic production intertwines with notions of refuge, subversion, and reconnection with the non-human. Beginning with post-1968 countercultural movements and extending through to current eco-artistic practices, the study examines how the idea of “emboscarse” (going into the forest)—inspired by Ernst Jünger’s concept of the Waldgänger—has permeated the works of diverse artists seeking to challenge dominant paradigms of visibility, productivity, and urban centrality. Through detailed analysis of visual, performative, and land-based artworks, the thesis constructs a genealogy of forest-oriented practices that respond to the alienation of late capitalism by embracing spatial withdrawal, sensorial immersion, and symbolic resistance. The forest emerges as a liminal zone that allows for the re-articulation of artistic subjectivity and ethical positionality in the face of ecological collapse and systemic violence. Rather than an escapist gesture, the return to the forest is framed as a politically charged act of reimagining the relationship between art, territory, and life itself. The research contributes to the fields of art theory, eco-criticism, and aesthetic philosophy by offering a conceptual cartography of the forest in art, re-signifying it as both a critical metaphor and an operative terrain for emancipatory artistic thought and action.


Santamaría Fernández, A.E., 2023. Ambushed Art: The Return to the Forest in Artistic Practice Since 1968. Doctoral thesis. 

The Intangible Dimension of Urban Heritage

This work explores the intangible dimension of urban heritage as a key yet often overlooked component in the configuration and preservation of contemporary cities. Moving beyond the traditional focus on physical structures and monumental legacy, the study investigates how memory, symbolic value, and everyday cultural practices contribute to the construction of heritage as a living, socially embedded phenomenon. Drawing from case studies in Buenos Aires, the research addresses how public spaces, particularly those marked by historical and emotional significance, function as repositories of collective meaning and are shaped by both institutional narratives and community engagement. Emphasis is placed on the methodological challenge of capturing intangible heritage, proposing tools that integrate participatory mapping, oral histories, and performative practices as valid forms of urban documentation and interpretation. The research critiques conventional heritage policies that prioritize architectural conservation over lived experience and advocates for a more inclusive and pluralistic framework capable of recognizing contested histories, ephemeral events, and diverse identities within the urban fabric. In this context, landscape emerges not only as a spatial product but as a cultural medium through which intangible values are anchored, transmitted, and reactivated. The thesis offers a conceptual and methodological approach for rethinking heritage in Latin American cities, urging urban planners, architects, and cultural institutions to recognize the social affectivity of place and to promote heritage practices that are responsive to local knowledge, memory, and use.


Gonçalves Guazzelli, B., 2023. The Intangible Dimension of Urban Heritage. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, University of Buenos Aires.

Social psychology against systemic corruption

Trust, once broken, leaves deep societal scars—especially when that rupture stems from political corruption in systems where ethics are publicly exalted yet privately betrayed, drawing on principles from social psychology, Sara Berbel Sánchez outlines a framework for eradicating corruption that transcends lamentation and centres on collective ethical reconstruction, she emphasizes the power of injunctive norms—statements about what ought to be done—to guide behaviour more effectively than mere descriptive norms about what is commonly done, as seen in New Zealand, where public service ethics are codified, reinforced and tied to real consequences, enabling low corruption levels, in stark contrast, Italy’s Tangentopoli era epitomised how social normalization of corruption, captured by the motto così fan tutti (everyone does it), corrodes ethical boundaries and institutional trust, Berbel advocates for scientific and ethical selection criteria in leadership recruitment, incorporating psychological screening to detect traits like narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy, which correlate with destructive decision-making, she warns against the promotion of such profiles in authoritarian populist systems, highlighting Finland as a model, where public officials are selected for prosocial traits and institutional transparency, organisational cultures must also dismantle cynical mindsets such as “everyone’s corrupt,” replacing them with massive prosocial campaigns and the development of ethical premortems—anticipating and debunking justifications for wrongdoing before it occurs, cases like Ruanda, Iceland, and Hong Kong’s ICAC demonstrate that sustained, transparent systems of accountability, protection for whistleblowers and exemplary sanctions can reshape public perceptions and reduce impunity, Berbel asserts that corruption thrives not just through explicit action but through silent tolerance and weakened norms, hence it must be addressed structurally, ethically, and narratively, with persistent political will and public involvement, otherwise, the damage becomes entrenched, the antidote, she argues, lies in ethical leadership, narrative clarity, and civic engagement—because, as Plato warned, “the price of disengaging from politics is to be governed by the worst.”


Berbel Sánchez, S. (2025) ‘Propuestas de la psicología social contra la corrupción’, El País, 18 August.

The building as a respiratory system


The notion that a building can function analogously to a respiratory system reframes architectural design as a dialogue between interior climates and external environmental forces, a paradigm explored by Matthias Schuler and Anja Thierfelder in their collaborative work on sustainable architecture and environmental engineering, rather than conceiving buildings as static enclosures, they propose understanding them as dynamic systems capable of regulating temperature, air flow, humidity and light in response to both natural and human stimuli, using advanced simulation technologies and design strategies rooted in biomimicry, Schuler and Thierfelder develop passive and active systems that enable buildings to “breathe” in tune with their surroundings, much like lungs exchange gases to sustain life, case studies such as the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart or the Singapore Arts School exemplify their approach, where building envelopes are designed to optimise ventilation and thermal balance through adaptive facades, radiant surfaces and intelligent materials, the respiratory metaphor is not merely poetic but operational: it encourages designers to consider energy flows, material cycles and occupant comfort as integrated phenomena rather than isolated parameters, their work critiques the over-dependence on mechanical HVAC systems, advocating instead for responsive architecture that reduces environmental impact while enhancing inhabitant experience, in doing so, they fuse engineering precision with ecological empathy, pushing architecture towards a model where buildings, like organisms, adapt, react and participate in the atmospheric conditions that sustain life, ultimately, the building-as-lung concept offers a compelling ethical and technical framework for rethinking sustainability not as a constraint but as an enabling principle embedded in the living metabolism of space.




Rendón, C. y Venegas, F. (2023) Arquitectos de lo común: prácticas situadas en el habitar contemporáneo. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones ARQ.

Monday

 


Tuesday










Subjective well-being as a policy compass


The erosion of GDP as a holistic measure of social progress has prompted a paradigmatic shift in governance towards subjective well-being (SWB) as a meaningful compass for public policy, recognising that material affluence alone fails to reflect lived human experience, hence Karin Tailbot (2020) presents a rigorous and multidimensional argument for the integration of SWB metrics in policy frameworks, beginning with a historical critique of GDP’s limitations—noting its neglect of inequality, environmental degradation and non-market contributions such as care work or social cohesion—and tracing a lineage from classical utilitarianism to modern happiness economics, where thinkers like Easterlin, Sen, and Layard advocate for well-being-oriented governance, the paper delineates how governments—from Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness index to New Zealand’s Well-being Budget—are deploying both objective indicators and subjective data to reframe political priorities around human flourishing, yet this movement is not without contention: Tailbot methodically explores the epistemological and methodological critiques levelled at SWB, particularly its alleged imprecision, cultural bias and vulnerability to political instrumentalisation, scholars such as White, Graham, and Frey argue that policy should be grounded in clearly defined metrics, while others caution against technocratic overreach, where citizens risk being reduced to “metric stations” rather than autonomous agents, nevertheless, Tailbot contends that SWB data—when robustly collected and interpreted—offers invaluable insight into the unseen costs of policies, especially in areas like unemployment, which she evidences as profoundly detrimental to both personal dignity and social cohesion, the author promotes a pluralistic model where subjective and objective indicators coexist, allowing governments not to impose happiness but to identify structural conditions that support it, moreover, she underscores the procedural dimensions of well-being: that is, how individuals are treated by institutions matters as much as outcomes themselves, thus shifting the policy focus from output to experience, from economic abstraction to affective reality, in conclusion, Tailbot asserts that SWB, far from being a utopian distraction, is a pragmatic, democratically-aligned tool to reorient governance towards what people value most—dignity, meaning and relational life—and must be integrated not as a silver bullet but as one thread in a multidimensional tapestry of social measurement.


Tailbot, K. (2020) Objective well-being indicators and subjective well-being measures: how important are they in current public policy? 

Emerging contours of well-being

In recent decades, the exclusive use of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure of social progress has been increasingly questioned, prompting a conceptual shift towards a multidimensional understanding of well-being that encompasses both objective metrics and subjective assessments of life quality, especially following the influential Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Report (2009), which advocated moving beyond economic production to assess the real impact on people’s lives, within this framework, Karin Tailbot’s (2020) paper offers a critical review of how governments in countries such as Bhutan, New Zealand, and Wales are integrating subjective well-being indicators into public policy, advancing budgets centred on happiness, social balance, and intergenerational sustainability, despite facing strong scepticism: many critics still doubt the reliability, comparability, or policy relevance of self-reported happiness data, viewing them as vague, manipulable or paternalistic, yet research by scholars like Layard, Clark, and Frey suggests these data offer a deeper, more humane understanding of the consequences of policies such as unemployment, whose impact extends far beyond income loss to affect emotional, social and familial dimensions often invisible in economic statistics, ultimately, the article argues for a complementary use of both objective and subjective measures, asserting that together they enable more effective, legitimate and citizen-centred policymaking, while also warning against transforming happiness into a new form of technocratic absolutism, and instead promoting its integration within democratic processes where individuals remain active and deliberative agents in shaping their own lives (Tailbot, 2020).


Tailbot, K. (2020) Objective well-being indicators and subjective well-being measures: how important are they in current public policy? [pdf] January. Available at: [Insert URL if available] (Accessed: 18 August 2025).


domingo, 17 de agosto de 2025

Sacred Lotus





Photographed at the Historical-Botanical Garden in Málaga, the Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) appears in a moment of delicate transition, its petals partially shed, revealing the unmistakable green seed pod—both a botanical marvel and a spiritual symbol. Native to Asia but cultivated globally for its ornamental and symbolic value, this aquatic perennial holds deep significance across Hinduism, Buddhism, and other Eastern philosophies, where it represents purity, spiritual awakening, and transcendence, emerging unstained from muddy waters to bloom with pristine elegance. The flower is often associated with the Sibyl, a prophetic figure in ancient mythology, suggesting a bridge between earthly existence and higher knowledge.

Extimacy and Symbolic Cartographies

In Ciudad adentro: espacio, relato y extimidad en la escritura de la ciudad, Rafael Delgado Deciga and Efrén Méndez Juárez-Salazar propose a theoretical reconfiguration of the urban experience by integrating Lacanian psychoanalysis, particularly the notion of extimacy, into urban studies. They argue that cities are not only spatial orders but also semiotic and affective fields, produced and interpreted through narrative, imagery, and embodied subjectivity. The city is experienced as both familiar and foreign, internal and external, a space where the intimate bleeds into the public and where the symbolic architecture of meaning competes with infrastructural design. Drawing from literary and cultural theory, the authors frame urban territory as a discursive terrain, where the practice of naming, mapping, and narrating reconstitutes spatial legibility and identity. They posit that planning is never neutral but rather an ideological practice that constructs not only roads and zoning laws, but normative urban subjectivities. This perspective highlights how urban inhabitants resist, subvert, or reappropriate these spatial scripts through storytelling, walking, graffiti, and other performative acts that inscribe counter-narratives into the city’s surface. The urban thus emerges as a palimpsest of extimacies, where conflicting imaginaries overlap and compete for visibility. Through this lens, urban analysis shifts from description to interpretation, inviting a rethinking of the city not as a system of functions, but as a constellation of affects, texts, and desires that are continuously negotiated in the fabric of everyday life.




Delgado Deciga, R. and Juárez-Salazar, E.M. (2018) ‘Ciudad adentro: espacio, relato y extimidad en la escritura de la ciudad’, URBS. Revista de Estudios Urbanos y Ciencias Sociales, 8(2), pp.73–84.